मध्य युग में यूरोपीय सामाजिक विन्यास की प्रणाली में
एजूकेशन शब्द का प्रयोग बालकों के शारीरिक और मानसिक विकास के नैतृत्व के सन्दर्भों में रूढ़ था ।
वस्तुत: यह शब्द एक भारोपीयमूल से सम्बद्ध है ।
संस्कृत भाषा में दक्ष शब्द के मूल में वस्तुत: दस् धातु ही है । जिसका तीन अर्थ प्राचीन है (१) गमन करना (२) हिंसा करना (३) प्रक्षेपण करना । तथा प्राचीन प्रयोग दस् :--देखना भी है वास्तविक रूप से ज्ञान प्रकाश से उपमित है ।
कालान्तरण में संस्कृत भाषा में दक्ष धातु भी नाम धातु के रूप में विकसित हुई ।
संस्कृत भाषा में दक्षँ धातु शासने गतौ च अपि च हिंसायाम् शीघ्रार्थे च
के रूप में भ्वादिगणीय है ।
शिष्य शब्द भी संस्कृत भाषा में शास् धातु के के क्यप् प्रत्यय लगाने से निष्पन्न है । निस्सन्देह दस्यु शब्द का मूल अर्थ मार्ग दर्शक अथवा नेता ही था ।
जैसा की पुरातन फ़ारसी भाषा में दाहे के रूप में इसका अर्थ नेता अथवा पूज्य है । क्यों की फारसी में संस्कृत भाषा के "स" वर्ण का उच्चारण "ह" वर्ण के रूप में होता है ।संस्कृत भाषा के प्राचीनत्तम रूपों में दक्ष का अर्थ :--मानसिक शक्ति भी है । रोम की सांस्कृतिक भाषा लैटिन में यह शब्द (डक् ष) रूप में है ।देखें:---
लैटिन क्रिया दसर् (ducere)ले साम्य प्रस्तावित है ।
educate (v.) mid-15c., "bring up (children), to train," from Latin educatus, past participle of educare "bring up, rear, educate"
(source also of Italian educare, Spanish educar, French éduquer), which is a frequentative of or otherwise related to educere "bring out बाहर लाना ,निकालना , lead forth," from
(ex- "out" (see ex-) + ducere "to lead," from PIE root *deuk- "to lead." )Meaning "provide schooling" is first attested 1580s. Related: Educated; educating. According to "Century Dictionary," educere, of a child, is "usually with reference to bodily nurture or support, while educare refers more frequently to the mind," and, "There is no authority for the common statement that the primary sense of education is to 'draw out or unfold the powers of the mind.'"
प्रारम्भिक काल में एजूकेशन शब्द का प्रयोग :--'मानसिक शक्ति का बाहर निकालना ' था ।
संस्कृत भाषा में भी शिक्षा शब्द शक् धातु के आख्यात (क्रिया)का सन् प्रत्यय परक शिक्षति :-- अर्थात् सक्षम होने की इच्छा करता है ")शकॢँ शक्तौ - शक्नोति, शक्नुवन्ति अन्यद् दिवादौ (478) उक्तम् सनिमीमा (7454) इति शिक्षति पुषादित्वाद् (दिवादौ 73-92) अङि सिद्धे लृदित्त्वम् आत्मनेपदार्थे कर्मव्यतिहारे-व्यत्यशकत शकधृषज्ञा (3465) इति तुमुन्- शक्तो घटं कर्तुम् शकितः ।
शक्तौ ( शक्नोति शक्नुवन्ति शक्नुहि अशक्नोत् शक्नुयात् ) शेषं शक्यतिवत् लुङि लृदित्त्वादङ्, ( अशकत् )
इति विद्यासु शिक्षते "शिक्षेर्जिज्ञासायाम्'' इति तङ्, विद्याविषये ज्ञाने शक्तो भवितुमिच्छतीत्यर्थः ( शक्तो ) घटः, कर्त्तुं (शकित) इति वा सौनागाः कर्मणि निष्ठायां शकेरिटमिच्छन्ति विकल्पेनेतीड्विकल्पः "विभाषाभावादिकर्मणोः'' इत्यत्र हरदत्तः यद्यपि शकिः केवलोऽकर्मकसतथापि तुमुनन्तवाच्यक्रियाविषयत्वे सकर्मको भवति, तथा च कर्मणि लादयोऽपि दृश्यन्ते अयं योगः शक्योवक्तुमितीति ( शक्यम् ) "शकिसहोश्च'' इति यत् (शकलम्) "शकिशम्योर्नित्'' इति कलप्रत्ययः ( शकः ) "स्फायितञ्चि'' इति रः ( शक्लः प्रियंवदः ) "शक्यादिभ्यः क्ल'' इत्यूहितः क्लः
शिक्षा का उद्देश्य वस्तुत: हमारे पुरुषार्थ चतुष्टय से है ।
शिक्षा वह सार्थक है ; जो जीविका उपार्जन के लिए मार्ग दर्शन करती है । जो हम्हें शक्ति सम्पन्न बनाती है ।
शिक्षा का तात्पर्य शक्ति सम्पन्न होने की इच्छा से है ।
और ज्ञान ज्ञा योगेधातु में ल्युट् (अन्) प्रत्यय से निष्पन्न है ।
अर्थात् ज्ञान वह शक्ति है जो मनुष्यों को सत्य से जोड़ती है ।
ज्ञान के द्वारा मनुष्य सत्य रूप परमात्मा से जुड़ जाता है ।
ज्ञान और शिक्षा में भेद केवल इतना है कि शिक्षा अभ्यास के द्वारा ग्रहण की जाती है ।
जबकि ज्ञान अन्त:करण रूपी दर्पण के स्वच्छ होने पर
स्वत: ही परावर्तित होने लगता है ।
योग द्वारा अनत:करण शुद्ध हो जाता है ।
*gno-
*gnō-, Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to know." जानना :--
It forms all or part of: acknowledge; acquaint; agnostic; anagnorisis; astrognosy; can (v.1) "have power to, be able;" शक्ति प्राप्त करना । योग्य- होना
cognition; cognizance; con (n.2) "study;" connoisseur; could; couth; cunning; diagnosis; ennoble; gnome; (n.2) "short, pithy statement of general truth;" gnomic; gnomon; gnosis; gnostic; Gnostic; ignoble; ignorant; ignore; incognito; ken (n.1) "cognizance, intellectual view;" kenning; kith; know; knowledge; narrate; narration; nobility; noble; notice; notify; notion; notorious; physiognomy; prognosis; quaint; recognize; reconnaissance; reconnoiter; uncouth; Zend.
It is the hypothetical source of
Sanskrit jna (जन )- "know;" Avestan zainti-जान्ति "knowledge," Old Persian xšnasatiy "he shall know;" Old Church Slavonic znati "recognizes," Russian znat "to know;" Latin gnoscere "get to know," nobilis "known, famous, noble;" Greek gignoskein "to know," gnotos "known," gnosis "knowledge, inquiry;" Old Irish gnath "known;" German kennen "to know," Gothic kannjan "to make known."
It is the hypothetical source of Sanskrit
The Dahae, also known as the Daae, Dahas or Dahaeans (Latin: Dahae;(दाहे ) Ancient Greek: Δάοι, Δάαι, Δαι, Δάσαι Dáoi, Dáai, Dai, Dasai; Sanskrit: Dasa; दासा रूप Chinese Dayi 大益)[1][2]
were a people of ancient Central Asia. A confederation of three tribes – the Parni, Xanthii and Pissuri – the Dahae lived in an area now comprising much of modern Turkmenistan. The area has consequently been known as Dahestan, Dahistan and Dihistan. Dahae Daae People Locationpresent-day Turkmenistan BranchesParni, Xanthii and Pissuri Relatively little is known about their way of life. For example, according to the Iranologist A. D. H. Bivar, the capital of "the ancient Dahae (if indeed they possessed one) is quite unknown."[3] The Dahae dissolved, apparently, some time before the beginning of the 1st millennium. One of the three tribes of the Dahae confederation, the Parni, emigrated to Parthia (present-day north-eastern Iran), where they founded the Arsacid dynasty. OriginsEdit The Dahae may be connected to the Dasas (Sanskrit दास Dāsa), mentioned in ancient Hindu texts such as the Rigveda as enemies of the Ārya. The proper noun Dasa appears to share the same root as the Sanskrit dasyu, meaning "hostile people" or "demons" (as well as the Avestan dax́iiu and Old Persian dahyu or dahạyu, meaning "province" or "mass of people"). Because of these pejorative implications, a tribe called the Dāhī – mentioned in Avestan sources (Yašt 13.144) as adhering to Zoroastrianism – is not generally identified with the Dahae.[4] Conversely the Khotanese word daha- meaning "man" or "male" was linked to the Dahae by the Indologist Sten Konow (1912). This appears to be cognate with nouns in other Eastern Iranian languages, such as a Persian word for "servant", dāh and the Sogdian dʾyh or dʾy, meaning "slave woman".[4] Some scholars also maintain that there were etymological links between the Dahae and Dacians (Dacii), a people of ancient Eastern Europe.[5]
कुछ विचारकों
ने प्राचीन पूर्वीय यूरोप की डासी (Dacii),
से सम्बद्ध किया है ।
Both were nomadic Indo-European peoples who shared variant names such as Daoi. David Gordon White, an Indologist and historian of religion, has reiterated a point made by previous scholars – that the names of both peoples resemble the Proto-Indo-European root: *dhau meaning "strangle" and/or a euphemism for "wolf". (Similarly, the Massagetae, the northern neighbors of the Dahae, have been linked to the Getae, a people related to the Dacians.) The country neighbouring the Dahae to the south, Verkāna – often known by its Greek name, Hyrcania (Ὑρκανία) – has sometimes been conflated with Dahistan. Like Dahae and Dacia, Verkâna appears to have a root in an Indo-European word for "wolf", the Proto-Iranian: *vrka.[6] The name of Sadrakarta (later Zadracarta), the capital of Verkâna, apparently has the same etymological roots, and may be synonymous with one of two modern cities in Iran: Sari or Gorgan. (The modern name Gorgan is also derived ultimately from the Proto-Iranian *vrka for "wolf" and is cognate with the New Persian gorgān (i.e. v > g).[7] HistoryEdit Berossus's biography of Cyrus the Great (c. 589–530 BCE) claims that he was killed by Dahae archers near the Syr Darya (Jaxartes) river (modern Uzbekistan/Kazakhstan).[8] Later sources, such as Alexander the Great and Strabo also claimed that some of the Dahae were located near the Jaxartes. The Encyclopedia Iranica considers that the Dahae "were said to have lived in ... wastes northeast of Bactria and east of Sogdiana. At least some of the Dahae must thus be placed along the eastern fringes of the Karakum desert, near ancient Margiana..."[4] This suggests that elements of the Dahae were near neighbours of a now-obscure Bronze Age civilisation known to archaeologists as the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC). It is possible that the Dahae were confused in secondary accounts with a contemporaneous, possibly related people from Balkh (Bactria), who were known in ancient China as Daxia 大夏 (also Ta-Hsia, or Ta-Hia). Whereas the Dahae were known in Chinese sources as Dayi 大益.[1] Later historical accounts place the Dahae entirely on the south-eastern shores of the Caspian Sea. The first reliable mention of the Dahae is considered to be the Daeva inscription by Xerxes the Great of Persia (reigned 486–465 BCE). In a list in Old Persian of the peoples and provinces of the Achaemenid Empire, the Daeva identifies the Dāha as neighboring the Saka. It is unclear whether the Dahae are also the *Dāha or *Dåŋha (only attested in the feminine Dahi) mentioned by the Avestani Yasht (13.144), which may date from the 5th century BCE. Moreover, any etymological relationship would not be proof that both names refer to exactly the same people.[9] Dahae and Saka tribes are known to have fought at the Battle of Gaugamela (331 BCE), in which the armies of the Achaemenid Empire were defeated by Alexander the Great. After the Achaemenid regime collapsed the following year, Alexander recruited Dahae – famed as mounted archers – for the Greek invasion of India. Some "Saka" coins from the Seleucid era (312–63 BCE) are sometimes attributed to the Dahae. By the 3rd century BCE, the Parni Dahae had risen to prominence under a chief named Ashk (c. 250 – c. 211 BCE; Persian: ارشک Arshak; Greek Ἀρσάκης; Latin Arsaces). The Parni invaded Parthia, which had just previously declared independence from the Seleucids, deposed the reigning monarch, and Ashk crowned himself king (Arsaces I in classical sources). His successors are often referred to as the Arsacids; they would eventually assert military control over the entire Iranian plateau. By then, the Parni would be indistinguishable from the Parthians, and would also be called by that name. During the 1st Century BCE, the Dahae were reported to have sent envoys to China. According to the Chinese historian Yu Taishan, a contemporary Chinese account (the Shijii) mentions separate envoys from Huanqian 驩潛 (Khwarezm), Dayi 大益 (the Dahae) and Suxie 蘇薤 (Soghdia), among others.[1] In the 1st century BCE, Strabo (Geographika 11.8.1) also refers to the Dahae as a "Scythian" people, who were located in the vicinity of present-day Turkmenistan. However, while the terms Scythians and Saka are usually regarded as synonymous, that is not always the case with Strabo.
प्राय: हीन व निम्न अर्थों में रूढ़ अधिकतर शब्द
प्रारम्भिक काल में उच्च अर्थ को अभिव्यक्त करते हैं ।
जैसे शैतान, असुर ,राक्षस, धूर्त आदि ;श्रेष्ठ अर्थों को ध्वनित करते थे । द्वेष वश भी विपक्षी लोग गलत अर्थ को ग्रहण करते हैं ।
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